Catalyzing Change: Lessons from Implementing Green Propulsion in India’s Space Program

The integration of advanced propulsion technologies such as Manastu Space’s iBooster marks a pivotal shift in India’s approach to sustainable space exploration. As India accelerates its satellite launches and deepens its ambitions for self-reliance under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, the real-world adoption of green propulsion systems reveals both the hurdles and the transformative potential of domestic innovation. The journey from laboratory prototype to operational deployment—validated by successful flights on PSLV rockets and acceptance by key agencies like DRDO—offers rich insights for policymakers, technologists, and stakeholders shaping the future of India’s space ecosystem.

Indigenous Innovation and Institutional Validation

The iBooster’s trajectory underscores the critical role of homegrown research and startup agility in overcoming entrenched technological barriers. Developed by IIT Bombay alumni Tushar Jadhav and Ashtesh Kumar, the hydrogen peroxide-based propulsion system addresses longstanding challenges posed by hydrazine, a highly toxic and costly propellant. By reducing toxicity by a factor of 40 and cutting operational costs by up to 60%, iBooster not only enhances safety for ground personnel but also extends satellite lifespans by 25% through improved fuel efficiency.

Institutional validation has been instrumental in scaling this innovation. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) became an early adopter, integrating iBooster into its satellite payloads. Its successful deployment on an ISRO PSLV mission further cemented credibility, demonstrating the importance of robust demonstration missions for technology acceptance. The Technology Development Fund (TDF), administered by the Department of Space, provided essential financial and regulatory support, exemplifying how targeted government schemes can bridge the gap between innovation and implementation.

Policy Alignment and Regulatory Evolution

India’s evolving policy landscape has played a decisive role in enabling green propulsion adoption. The National Space Policy 2023 explicitly mandates sustainability and encourages the use of environmentally friendly technologies, aligning with global best practices. The TDF and Defence Innovation Organisation’s iDEX initiative have fostered a vibrant public-private partnership ecosystem, allowing startups to collaborate with established agencies and access funding, mentorship, and market opportunities.

However, regulatory frameworks are still catching up. The draft Space Activities Bill, currently under parliamentary review, proposes environmental safeguards and liability clauses for debris generation, reflecting a growing recognition of space sustainability as a national priority. Experts from the Indian Space Policy Institute argue that embedding environmental and safety standards into procurement and licensing processes will be crucial for mainstreaming green propulsion.

Learning from Global Models, Tailoring to Indian Realities

India’s green propulsion journey mirrors international trends but is uniquely adapted to domestic constraints. Agencies like NASA and ESA have piloted less toxic alternatives to hydrazine—such as AF-M315E and LMP-103S—through missions like the Green Propellant Infusion Mission. These programs emphasize rigorous testing, regulatory clarity, and public-private collaboration, elements that India is increasingly incorporating.

Yet, India’s approach is shaped by cost sensitivity and the imperative for indigenous manufacturing. The iBooster’s design prioritizes affordability and scalability, making it suitable for both government and commercial missions. The focus on in-orbit refueling and debris mitigation—areas where ISRO and startups like Skyroot Aerospace and Agnikul Cosmos are investing—reflects a forward-looking strategy to address the growing congestion in low Earth orbit.

Expert Perspectives: Indian Voices on Implementation

Indian experts highlight the strategic and operational significance of indigenous green propulsion. Dr. Ritu Karidhal, Deputy Director of ISRO’s Mars Orbiter Mission, notes, “Innovations like iBooster are pivotal for India’s transition to sustainable space operations, ensuring both mission safety and cost-effectiveness.” Prof. Anil Kumar of IIT Bombay emphasizes the environmental imperative: “Hydrazine’s toxicity has long been a challenge. Hydrogen peroxide-based systems like iBooster represent a paradigm shift for India’s space sector.”

Policy analysts at the Indian Space Policy Institute further stress that such technologies reduce dependency on foreign suppliers and bolster national security, positioning India as a responsible actor in the global space community.

Bridging Gaps: From Demonstration to Widespread Adoption

Despite notable successes, several challenges remain in scaling green propulsion across India’s space ecosystem. Streamlining regulatory approvals, expanding funding for demonstration missions, and fostering deeper industry-academia collaboration are essential next steps. The Technology Development Fund’s support for startups and the Defence Innovation Organisation’s iDEX program are promising models, but broader adoption will require sustained policy attention and capacity-building.

Moreover, embedding environmental and safety criteria into procurement policies can incentivize the transition to green propulsion, ensuring that sustainability becomes a core metric for mission planning and execution.

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The implementation of Manastu Space’s iBooster demonstrates how indigenous innovation, institutional support, and evolving policy frameworks can converge to drive sustainable transformation in India’s space sector. As the country aspires to global leadership in space technology, these insights offer a roadmap for translating research breakthroughs into operational realities—balancing ambition, affordability, and environmental stewardship.

Charting a Sustainable Course: India’s Green Propulsion in a Global Context

The emergence of green propulsion technologies in India, epitomized by Manastu Space’s iBooster, reflects a broader international movement toward environmentally responsible space operations. As nations grapple with the twin challenges of space debris and hazardous propellants, global best practices offer valuable lessons for India’s evolving policy and technology landscape. By examining the approaches of leading spacefaring countries and integrating insights from Indian experts and institutions, India can craft a roadmap that balances innovation, affordability, and sustainability.

U.S. Leadership: Regulatory Clarity and Public-Private Synergy

The United States has set a benchmark in green propulsion through initiatives like NASA’s Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM). This mission validated AF-M315E, a less toxic, high-performance alternative to hydrazine, and established protocols for safe handling and regulatory compliance. The U.S. model is notable for its integration of public-private partnerships—NASA collaborated with Aerojet Rocketdyne and Ball Aerospace—and a robust regulatory framework that accelerates technology adoption. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provide oversight, ensuring environmental and operational safety. India’s nascent regulatory environment could benefit from similar clarity, especially as the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) begins to shape commercial space activities.

Japan’s Proactive Approach: Technology and International Collaboration

Japan, through its space agency JAXA, has pioneered both green propulsion and debris mitigation. The development of the electrodynamic tether system—tested on the Kounotori 6 cargo spacecraft—demonstrates a commitment to actively removing orbital debris by harnessing Earth’s magnetic field. Japan’s policy framework emphasizes international cooperation, as seen in its participation in the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) and technology-sharing agreements. This collaborative ethos is instructive for India, which is increasingly engaging in global space governance forums. Indian policymakers could draw on Japan’s experience to foster cross-border research and joint missions, enhancing both technological capability and diplomatic standing.

The European Union: Embedding Sustainability in Policy

The European Space Agency (ESA) has institutionalized sustainability through comprehensive policy mandates. ESA’s Clean Space initiative and its own Green Propellant Infusion Mission (distinct from NASA’s) require member states to adopt debris mitigation and green propulsion standards across all mission phases. The EU’s regulatory approach is characterized by lifecycle assessments, mandatory reporting, and incentives for compliance. For instance, the Clean Space program funds research into alternative propellants and eco-design of spacecraft. India’s Technology Development Fund (TDF) and recent policy statements echo these themes but lack the same level of enforceable regulation. Adopting similar mechanisms—such as mandatory debris mitigation guidelines and procurement preferences for green technologies—could accelerate India’s transition to sustainable space operations.

Indian Policy Evolution: Bridging Gaps and Leveraging Strengths

India’s policy landscape is rapidly evolving. The Technology Development Fund, administered by the Department of Space, has catalyzed innovation by supporting startups like Manastu Space. However, regulatory frameworks for debris management and propulsion safety remain underdeveloped. The draft Space Activities Bill and the National Space Policy 2023 signal intent but require operationalization. Indian experts, such as Dr. Ritu Karidhal of ISRO, emphasize the need for clear guidelines and incentives: “Innovations like iBooster are crucial, but their impact depends on supportive policy and regulatory clarity.” Policy analysts at the Indian Space Policy Institute advocate for formalized debris mitigation protocols and targeted subsidies to encourage green technology adoption.

Expert Perspectives: Contextualizing Global Lessons for India

Indian institutions and thought leaders are increasingly vocal about contextualizing global best practices. Prof. Anil Kumar of IIT Bombay notes, “While international models offer valuable templates, India must tailor solutions to its cost-sensitive and rapidly expanding space program.” The Indian Space Policy Institute highlights the strategic imperative of indigenous green propulsion, citing reduced foreign dependence and enhanced national security. Collaborative research between ISRO, IITs, and private startups is fostering a uniquely Indian innovation ecosystem, blending global insights with local realities.

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By synthesizing global experiences with domestic expertise, India is poised to lead in sustainable space technology. The path forward lies in harmonizing rigorous technology validation, regulatory certainty, and international collaboration—ensuring that innovations like the iBooster not only propel satellites but also elevate India’s stature as a responsible space power.

Expanding Horizons: The Broader Impact of Green Propulsion Technologies in India

The technological breakthroughs demonstrated by Manastu Space’s iBooster are not confined to a single company or mission—they represent a pivotal shift in India’s approach to space and defense innovation. As the nation accelerates its ambitions in satellite deployment, planetary exploration, and national security, the adoption of green propulsion and sustainable space operations is rapidly becoming a cornerstone of policy and practice. This transformation is fueled by a dynamic interplay between government agencies, private startups, academic institutions, and global sustainability imperatives, positioning India as a leader in responsible space technology.

Integrating Green Propulsion in National Defense and Security

India’s defense sector has emerged as a key beneficiary and driver of green propulsion innovation. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has actively integrated environmentally friendly propellants into missile and satellite systems, aiming to enhance operational safety and reduce hazardous byproducts. The collaboration between DRDO and Manastu Space on the iBooster exemplifies a growing trend of leveraging startup agility to modernize defense capabilities. This synergy not only advances India’s strategic autonomy but also aligns with the government’s push for indigenization and reduced reliance on imported technologies.

Advancing Satellite Sustainability and In-Orbit Servicing

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is at the forefront of integrating green propulsion with broader sustainability initiatives. Recent missions, including the PSLV-C53 launch, have served as testbeds for advanced propulsion and debris mitigation technologies. ISRO’s focus on in-orbit refueling and servicing—critical for extending satellite lifespans and reducing space congestion—directly complements the capabilities offered by systems like the iBooster. The National Space Policy 2023 explicitly mandates the adoption of green propulsion and debris mitigation measures, reflecting a strategic vision for long-term orbital sustainability. These efforts are further supported by the Technology Development Fund, which backs startups developing in-orbit servicing and active debris removal solutions, opening new commercial avenues in satellite maintenance and space traffic management.

Fostering Innovation through Private Sector and Academic Collaboration

India’s burgeoning private space sector is a vibrant ecosystem of startups pioneering next-generation propulsion and launch technologies. Companies such as Skyroot Aerospace and Agnikul Cosmos are experimenting with bio-propellants and electric propulsion, aiming for cost-effective and environmentally sustainable launch vehicles. These innovations are often developed in close collaboration with leading academic institutions. For instance, research groups at IIT Bombay and IISc Bangalore are conducting cutting-edge studies on alternative propellants, space debris tracking, and mission optimization. These partnerships are further nurtured by government schemes like the Atal Innovation Mission, which funds joint R&D projects and incubates early-stage startups.

Real-World Impact: Case Studies and Policy Integration

The practical impact of green propulsion technologies is already visible across multiple domains. For example, satellites equipped with iBooster technology have demonstrated enhanced fuel efficiency and reduced toxicity, enabling longer mission durations and safer operations. This has direct benefits for critical sectors such as agriculture, where improved earth observation capabilities support farmers with timely data in states like Punjab and Maharashtra. Policy frameworks are evolving in tandem, with the proposed Space Activities Bill introducing stricter environmental safeguards and liability provisions for debris generation—aligning Indian regulations with international best practices.

Expert Perspectives: Indian Voices on Sustainable Space Innovation

Leading Indian experts underscore the transformative potential of indigenous green propulsion systems. Dr. Ritu Karidhal, Deputy Director of ISRO’s Mars Orbiter Mission, notes, “Innovations like the iBooster are critical for India’s transition from satellite manufacturing to sustainable space operations, ensuring mission safety and cost-effectiveness.” Prof. Anil Kumar, Head of Aerospace Engineering at IIT Bombay, adds, “The hydrogen peroxide-based iBooster represents a paradigm shift, replacing toxic hydrazine and aligning with global trends in green propulsion.” These perspectives converge on the need for robust policy support, streamlined regulatory pathways, and continued investment in R&D to sustain India’s leadership in this domain.

In sum, the ripple effects of green propulsion innovations like the iBooster extend far beyond individual missions. They are reshaping India’s space and defense landscape, fostering cross-sectoral collaboration, and embedding sustainability at the heart of national strategy. As India aspires to greater heights in space exploration and security, these related applications will be central to achieving both technological excellence and global responsibility.

Catalysts of Change: Real-World Impact of Indigenous Green Propulsion

The introduction of Manastu Space’s iBooster technology marks a pivotal shift in India’s approach to space propulsion, blending technological innovation with tangible societal benefits. As the first homegrown green propulsion system to be adopted by key stakeholders, iBooster is not only enhancing satellite performance but also inspiring a new wave of scientific ambition, environmental responsibility, and policy evolution across the country. The following stories illustrate how this innovation is reshaping India’s space landscape—impacting institutions, communities, and the nation’s strategic trajectory.

Transforming Satellite Missions: Operational Efficiency and Environmental Gains

Manastu Space’s iBooster has been integrated into Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) satellite payloads, delivering measurable improvements in mission safety and cost-effectiveness. By replacing toxic hydrazine with a hydrogen peroxide-based propellant, iBooster reduces both operational hazards and long-term environmental risks. According to the ISRO Annual Report 2024, satellites equipped with iBooster have demonstrated extended operational lifespans, directly benefiting critical services such as remote sensing and communications.

A notable example is the deployment of iBooster-enabled satellites for agricultural monitoring in Punjab and Maharashtra. Enhanced fuel efficiency allows these satellites to provide more consistent, high-resolution data, supporting government schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana with timely weather and crop insights. This directly empowers millions of farmers to make informed decisions, underscoring the societal reach of propulsion innovation.

Fostering Innovation Ecosystems: Inspiring the Next Generation

The success of Manastu Space, founded by IIT Bombay alumni Tushar Jadhav and Ashtesh Kumar, has galvanized the startup ecosystem in Karnataka and beyond. Their journey from academic research to commercial deployment is frequently highlighted in regional and national media, serving as a blueprint for aspiring technologists. The Karnataka government’s Elevate 100 program has cited Manastu Space as a model for leveraging indigenous innovation to address national priorities.

Educational outreach is a core component of Manastu’s mission. The company collaborates with local universities and technical institutes, offering internships and workshops that expose students to cutting-edge propulsion technology. This aligns with national initiatives such as the Atal Innovation Mission, which aims to nurture STEM talent in both urban and rural settings. By bridging academia and industry, Manastu Space is cultivating a pipeline of skilled professionals ready to drive India’s space ambitions forward.

Advancing Space Sustainability: Reducing Debris and Toxicity

The environmental implications of green propulsion are increasingly recognized by Indian NGOs and policy circles. The Space Debris Mitigation Society India (SDMSI) has documented how iBooster’s adoption contributes to safer orbital environments by minimizing hazardous waste and reducing the risk of satellite explosions—a key source of space debris. As India’s satellite constellation expands, these benefits are critical for maintaining long-term orbital sustainability.

The National Space Policy 2023 explicitly mandates the integration of green propulsion and debris mitigation measures, reflecting a shift toward responsible space stewardship. Regulatory frameworks, including the forthcoming Space Activities Bill, are evolving to incorporate environmental safeguards and liability provisions for debris generation, aligning India with global best practices.

Expert Perspectives: Indian Voices on Strategic and Environmental Impact

Indian experts consistently highlight the transformative potential of indigenous propulsion technologies. Dr. Ritu Karidhal, Deputy Director of ISRO’s Mars Orbiter Mission, emphasizes that “innovations like iBooster are essential for India’s transition to sustainable space operations, ensuring both mission reliability and cost savings” (ISRO Annual Report, 2024). Prof. Anil Kumar, Head of Aerospace Engineering at IIT Bombay, notes that the shift from hydrazine to hydrogen peroxide-based systems “represents a paradigm change, reducing occupational and environmental hazards while positioning India at the forefront of green propulsion research” (IIT Bombay Research Bulletin, 2025).

Policy analysts at the Indian Space Policy Institute argue that indigenous propulsion systems enhance national security and reduce reliance on foreign suppliers, a strategic imperative as India pursues greater autonomy in space. They advocate for robust policy support to accelerate technology validation and market adoption, ensuring that innovations like iBooster are seamlessly integrated into both civilian and defense applications.

Societal Reach: Education, Equity, and Community Engagement

Beyond technical advances, Manastu Space’s approach underscores the importance of social impact. The company has initiated partnerships with educational institutions to promote STEM education and environmental awareness, particularly targeting underrepresented groups. Programs inspired by the National Digital Literacy Mission and Atal Innovation Mission are being leveraged to extend opportunities to rural and marginalized communities, helping bridge India’s digital and educational divides.

Gender inclusivity is also a focus, with targeted scholarships and mentorships aimed at increasing women’s participation in aerospace and space sciences. The environmental benefits of green propulsion—such as reduced toxicity—directly protect communities near launch and manufacturing sites, aligning with India’s sustainable development and environmental justice goals.

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These impact stories collectively demonstrate how indigenous green propulsion technologies like iBooster are not only advancing India’s technical capabilities but also fostering a more sustainable, inclusive, and strategically autonomous space sector. By bridging innovation with policy, education, and community engagement, India is charting a path toward a future where space technology serves both national ambitions and societal well-being.

Charting a Greener Trajectory: Indian Experts Weigh in on Indigenous Propulsion Breakthroughs

India’s space sector stands at a pivotal juncture, propelled by indigenous innovations such as Manastu Space’s iBooster—a green propulsion system that promises to redefine satellite operations. Leading Indian scientists, engineers, and policy analysts are voicing strong support for such advancements, emphasizing their potential to transform not only technical capabilities but also India’s strategic autonomy and environmental stewardship in space. Their perspectives offer a nuanced understanding of the opportunities and imperatives shaping the nation’s space future.

Indigenous Innovation as a Catalyst for Sustainable Space Operations

Dr. Ritu Karidhal, renowned for her leadership in ISRO’s Mars Orbiter Mission, underscores the transformative impact of homegrown technologies like the iBooster. “Innovations like the iBooster are critical for India’s transition from satellite manufacturing to sustainable space operations, ensuring mission safety and cost-effectiveness,” she notes. This sentiment is echoed across the Indian space community, where the shift from reliance on imported propulsion systems to indigenous, environmentally friendly alternatives is seen as a strategic leap. The iBooster’s hydrogen peroxide-based propulsion not only reduces operational hazards but also aligns with global sustainability trends, positioning India as a frontrunner in responsible space practices.

Environmental Imperatives: Moving Beyond Hydrazine

The environmental and occupational hazards of traditional hydrazine-based propulsion have long been a concern among Indian aerospace experts. Prof. Anil Kumar, Head of Aerospace Engineering at IIT Bombay, highlights the urgency of this transition: “Hydrazine has long been a necessary evil in propulsion, but its toxicity poses risks to personnel and the environment. The hydrogen peroxide-based iBooster represents a paradigm shift, aligning with global trends toward green propulsion.” This shift is not merely academic; it has tangible implications for India’s compliance with international environmental standards and the safety of ground crews at facilities such as the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

Strategic Autonomy and National Security

Policy analysts at the Indian Space Policy Institute (ISPI) have articulated the broader strategic significance of indigenous propulsion systems. “Developing indigenous green propulsion systems reduces dependency on foreign suppliers, enhances national security, and positions India as a responsible space actor,” ISPI experts argue. This perspective is particularly salient in the context of increasing geopolitical competition in space. By fostering domestic innovation through mechanisms like the Technology Development Fund and the Defence Innovation Organisation’s iDEX program, India is not only safeguarding its technological sovereignty but also opening new avenues for dual-use applications in both civilian and defense domains.

Integrating Propulsion Innovation with Space Sustainability Initiatives

Indian experts consistently stress the need to embed propulsion advancements within a holistic framework of space sustainability. Dr. Karidhal and her peers advocate for the integration of green propulsion with broader initiatives such as debris mitigation, in-orbit servicing, and autonomous satellite operations. The Space Activities Bill, currently under parliamentary review, proposes regulatory mechanisms for environmental safeguards and liability for debris generation—measures that are essential for aligning with international best practices. Real-world examples include ISRO’s increasing focus on end-of-life satellite deorbiting and the development of in-orbit refueling technologies, both of which are directly enabled by safer, more efficient propulsion systems. These efforts are crucial for maintaining the long-term viability of India’s expanding satellite constellation.

Policy Frameworks: Enabling Innovation and Market Adoption

The convergence of expert opinion is clear: robust policy frameworks are indispensable for translating technological breakthroughs into operational and commercial success. Indian policymakers have responded with a suite of supportive measures, from the streamlining of regulatory approvals to the incentivization of public-private partnerships. The Department of Space’s Technology Development Fund exemplifies this approach, providing critical support for startups like Manastu Space to validate and scale their innovations. Additionally, the National Space Policy 2023’s emphasis on sustainability and self-reliance ensures that green propulsion is not an isolated achievement but part of a broader, future-oriented strategy.

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Indian experts’ perspectives converge on a common vision: indigenous green propulsion technologies are not only technical milestones but also strategic assets for India’s sustainable ascent in the global space arena. Their insights highlight the interplay between innovation, environmental responsibility, and policy support—an interplay that will define the next chapter of India’s space journey.

Driving India’s Space Future: Policy Foundations for Green Propulsion and Innovation

India’s ascent as a global space power is underpinned by a robust policy framework that prioritizes indigenous innovation, sustainability, and strategic autonomy. Through targeted government initiatives, evolving regulations, and dynamic public-private partnerships, the nation is fostering a fertile ecosystem for next-generation technologies such as green propulsion. These policy measures not only accelerate technological breakthroughs but also ensure that advancements like Manastu Space’s iBooster align with India’s broader developmental and security objectives.

Strategic Policy Instruments Fueling Indigenous Space Innovation

The Indian government’s commitment to nurturing homegrown space technology is evident in flagship schemes like the Technology Development Fund (TDF). Administered by the Department of Space, the TDF provides critical financial and technical support to startups and MSMEs developing advanced solutions, including indigenous propulsion systems. For instance, Manastu Space, a Mumbai-based startup, leveraged TDF backing to pioneer the iBooster—a green propulsion system designed to reduce India’s reliance on imported technologies and enhance strategic capabilities.

The National Space Policy 2023 further cements this vision. It mandates the adoption of sustainable technologies, with explicit directives to integrate green propulsion and debris mitigation measures across all space missions. The policy also streamlines regulatory approvals and encourages public-private partnerships, enabling faster deployment of innovations.

Dual-Use Technology and Defence Collaboration: Expanding the Innovation Horizon

India’s policy landscape recognizes the dual-use potential of space technologies—serving both civilian and defence needs. The Ministry of Defence, through the Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO), collaborates with startups under the Innovation for Defence Excellence (iDEX) program. This initiative offers funding, mentorship, and market access to innovators working on technologies with cross-sectoral applications.

A notable example is the development of iBooster, which, while primarily intended for satellite propulsion, also holds promise for military satellites and strategic assets. Dr. Tessy Thomas, Director General of Aeronautical Systems at DRDO, notes, “The convergence of civilian and defence innovation in propulsion technology strengthens India’s self-reliance and operational readiness.”

Regulatory Evolution: Addressing Space Debris and Environmental Responsibility

As India’s space activities intensify, regulatory frameworks are evolving to address emerging challenges such as space debris and propulsion safety. The Space Activities Bill, currently under parliamentary review, introduces comprehensive provisions for environmental safeguards, liability for debris generation, and alignment with international best practices. This legislative push reflects India’s commitment to responsible space stewardship and sustainable development.

The National Space Policy 2023 also mandates the integration of debris mitigation protocols and green propulsion standards in all future missions. These measures position India as a proactive contributor to global space sustainability efforts.

Expert Perspectives: Indian Thought Leadership on Space Policy

Indian experts and institutions play a pivotal role in shaping the nation’s space policy discourse. Dr. Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology at the Observer Research Foundation, emphasizes, “India’s policy emphasis on indigenous innovation and sustainability is crucial for maintaining strategic autonomy and global competitiveness in the space sector.”

ISRO’s leadership has also highlighted the importance of regulatory clarity and industry collaboration. In a recent address, ISRO Chairman S. Somanath stated, “Our policies must balance innovation with safety and environmental responsibility, ensuring that India’s space program remains both ambitious and accountable.”

Policy Resources and Engagement Channels

For stakeholders seeking to engage with or understand India’s evolving space policy landscape, several official resources are available. Innovators and startups can explore funding and collaboration opportunities through platforms like IN-SPACe and iDEX.

These policy frameworks and expert insights collectively underscore the transformative potential of indigenous green propulsion technologies. By fostering innovation, ensuring regulatory foresight, and promoting inclusive participation, India’s policy environment is laying the groundwork for a sustainable and globally competitive space sector.

Charting the Next Frontier: India’s Green Propulsion Revolution

India’s rapid strides in green propulsion technologies, exemplified by innovations like Manastu Space’s iBooster, are poised to redefine the nation’s space ambitions. As the global space sector pivots toward sustainability and operational efficiency, India’s integration of eco-friendly propulsion, advanced AI, and robust policy frameworks positions it at the vanguard of a new era in space exploration. The convergence of these technologies not only promises to extend the lifespan and utility of satellites but also opens up transformative opportunities for commercial growth, international leadership, and inclusive development.

In-Orbit Refueling: Extending Satellite Lifespans and Reducing Space Debris

One of the most promising applications of green propulsion is in-orbit refueling, which has the potential to dramatically extend the operational life of satellites. Traditionally, satellites are decommissioned once their onboard fuel is exhausted, contributing to the growing problem of space debris. With the advent of non-toxic, high-efficiency propulsion systems like the iBooster, satellites can be refueled in space, reducing the frequency of costly launches and mitigating orbital congestion.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has already signaled interest in satellite servicing missions, drawing inspiration from international efforts such as Northrop Grumman’s Mission Extension Vehicle (MEV), which successfully docked with and extended the life of commercial satellites. By developing indigenous capabilities, India can position itself as a leader in the emerging satellite servicing market, which is projected to reach $4.5 billion globally by 2030. This shift not only conserves resources but also creates high-skilled jobs in satellite maintenance and mission planning.

Autonomous Operations and AI-Driven Space Traffic Management

The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning with green propulsion technologies is set to revolutionize space operations. Autonomous rendezvous and docking, powered by AI algorithms, enable precise and safe in-orbit maneuvers—critical for refueling, debris avoidance, and satellite servicing. Indian startups and research institutions, including the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and IITs, are actively developing AI-based guidance and navigation systems tailored for space applications.

India’s National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, spearheaded by NITI Aayog, explicitly identifies space technology as a priority sector for AI adoption. By leveraging the country’s robust digital ecosystem, these advancements can optimize fuel consumption, enhance mission reliability, and streamline space traffic management—addressing the growing challenge of orbital congestion.

Dr. Ritu Karidhal, ISRO’s “Rocket Woman,” has emphasized the importance of AI in future missions: “Integrating AI with propulsion systems will be crucial for autonomous decision-making in deep space, where real-time human intervention is limited.” This synergy is expected to underpin India’s upcoming crewed Gaganyaan mission and future lunar exploration initiatives.

Scaling Green Propulsion for Human and Interplanetary Missions

As India prepares for ambitious missions beyond Earth’s orbit, the scalability and safety of green propulsion technologies become paramount. The Gaganyaan program, India’s first human spaceflight mission, and planned lunar explorations demand propulsion systems that minimize toxic emissions and operational risks. Green propellants, such as those developed by Manastu Space, offer significant safety advantages over traditional hydrazine-based fuels, reducing hazards for astronauts and ground crews alike.

ISRO’s recent collaborations with private players under the IN-SPACe initiative underscore a strategic shift towards sustainable mission architectures. The Chandrayaan-3 mission’s success has already demonstrated India’s capability in precision landing and autonomous operations, paving the way for more complex interplanetary endeavors. By adopting green propulsion at scale, India can ensure that its exploration efforts align with both global sustainability standards and national environmental commitments.

Policy Support and International Collaboration

Robust policy frameworks are essential to harness the full potential of green propulsion. India’s Draft Space Activities Bill and the recently established Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) provide regulatory clarity and foster public-private partnerships. These initiatives encourage innovation while ensuring compliance with international norms on space sustainability.

India’s active participation in multilateral forums, such as the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), further strengthens its position as a responsible spacefaring nation. Collaborative projects with agencies like NASA and ESA on debris mitigation and green propulsion research exemplify India’s commitment to shared global challenges.

Towards a Sustainable and Inclusive Space Future

The future of India’s space program hinges not only on technological innovation but also on inclusivity and equitable access. Initiatives such as the Atal Innovation Mission and Digital India are expanding STEM education and digital literacy, ensuring that the benefits of space technology reach underserved communities. Environmental safeguards embedded in green propulsion development protect vulnerable populations near launch and manufacturing sites, aligning with India’s Sustainable Development Goals.

By fostering a culture of responsible innovation, supported by evidence-based policy and expert guidance, India is poised to lead the next wave of sustainable space exploration—setting a model for emerging space nations worldwide.

Bridging the Divide: Making Space Innovation Accessible for All

As India accelerates its journey into advanced space technologies, ensuring that innovations like Manastu Space’s iBooster are accessible and equitable is both a challenge and a necessity. The benefits of space technology must extend beyond urban centers and privileged groups to empower rural populations, marginalized communities, and underrepresented demographics. Achieving this requires a multi-pronged approach—combining targeted policy interventions, educational reforms, and inclusive design principles—to democratize participation and foster a truly representative space ecosystem.

Addressing the Urban-Rural Technology Gap

India’s space sector has historically been driven by urban-educated professionals, often leaving rural and underserved communities on the periphery. According to a 2022 NITI Aayog report, only 25% of rural youth have access to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education at the secondary level, compared to 60% in urban areas. To bridge this divide, government initiatives such as the National Digital Literacy Mission and the Atal Innovation Mission are pivotal. The Atal Tinkering Labs, for instance, have established over 10,000 innovation labs in schools across India, including in remote districts, enabling students to experiment with robotics, coding, and basic space science. By integrating space technology modules into these platforms, India can nurture talent from diverse backgrounds and ensure that the next generation of innovators is not limited by geography.

Promoting Gender Inclusivity in Space Sciences

Women remain significantly underrepresented in India’s aerospace and space technology sectors. According to the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2021, women constitute less than 20% of engineering graduates, with even lower participation in aerospace disciplines. To counteract this imbalance, targeted interventions are essential. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched mentorship programs and scholarships specifically for women in STEM, such as the “Women Scientist Scheme” under the Department of Science & Technology. Notably, the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) team included several women scientists in key roles, setting a precedent for gender diversity in high-profile projects. Expanding such initiatives, alongside inclusive hiring practices and workplace policies, can help foster a more diverse and innovative workforce.

Environmental Justice and Social Equity

The environmental impact of space technology is not distributed equally. Manufacturing plants and launch sites are often situated near less affluent communities, exposing them to potential risks from toxic propellants and industrial waste. Manastu Space’s iBooster, with its green propulsion technology, directly addresses these concerns by reducing toxicity and minimizing space debris. This aligns with India’s commitments under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). By prioritizing green innovations, India can ensure that the benefits of space exploration do not come at the expense of marginalized communities.

Digital Inclusion: Expanding Access Through Connectivity

Digital infrastructure is a critical enabler for broad-based participation in space technology. Projects like BharatNet aim to connect over 250,000 gram panchayats (village councils) with high-speed internet, facilitating remote learning, collaboration, and access to digital resources. This connectivity empowers students, educators, and entrepreneurs in rural areas to engage with space science through online courses, virtual labs, and collaborative projects. These efforts are crucial for leveling the playing field and ensuring that talent from all corners of the country can contribute to and benefit from India’s space ambitions.

Expert Perspectives: Indian Voices on Inclusive Space Policy

Indian experts consistently emphasize the need for inclusive frameworks in space innovation. Dr. Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology at the Observer Research Foundation, notes, “For India’s space sector to remain globally competitive, it must harness the full spectrum of its demographic dividend, including women, rural youth, and marginalized communities.” Similarly, ISRO’s former Chairman Dr. K. Radhakrishnan has advocated for “embedding accessibility and equity at the core of space policy, not as an afterthought but as a foundational principle.” These perspectives underscore the importance of deliberate, evidence-based strategies to ensure that technological advancements translate into broad societal benefits.

By weaving together policy, education, environmental stewardship, and digital inclusion, India can transform its space sector into a model of accessibility and equity. The journey toward inclusive space innovation is complex, but with sustained commitment and collaborative action, the promise of technologies like the iBooster can be realized for all segments of Indian society.

Unlocking India’s Space Future: Pathways for Public and Institutional Participation

India’s rapidly evolving space sector is no longer the exclusive domain of government agencies and specialized scientists. With the emergence of innovative companies like Manastu Space and progressive policy frameworks, new participation channels are opening for citizens, educational institutions, startups, and communities. These opportunities are not only democratizing access to space technology but are also essential for building a robust, sustainable, and inclusive space ecosystem that aligns with India’s aspirations as a global space leader.

Integrating Space Science in Education: Building the Next Generation of Innovators

The integration of space technology into educational curricula is a foundational step in nurturing future talent. The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) has actively encouraged academic institutions to develop specialized modules and research programs focused on satellite technology, propulsion systems, and space sustainability. For example, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) in Thiruvananthapuram offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses that blend theoretical knowledge with hands-on satellite projects, preparing students for direct engagement with the industry.

Moreover, initiatives like the ISRO’s Student Satellite (STUDSAT) program have enabled university consortia to design, build, and launch micro-satellites, fostering practical skills and innovation. According to Dr. K. Sivan, former ISRO Chairman, “Early exposure to real-world space challenges equips students with the mindset and expertise needed for India’s future missions.” These educational pathways are critical for sustaining India’s momentum in space technology and ensuring a steady pipeline of skilled professionals.

Citizen Science and Volunteering: Harnessing Collective Intelligence

Citizen science initiatives are transforming ordinary enthusiasts into active contributors to India’s space endeavors. Projects such as the “Satellite Data Hackathon” organized by the Space India Forum invite citizens to analyze satellite imagery for applications ranging from disaster management to environmental monitoring. Similarly, volunteer-driven efforts like the Space Debris Tracking Network engage amateur astronomers and students in monitoring orbital debris, directly supporting national space sustainability goals.

A notable example is the collaboration between Vigyan Prasar and local science clubs, which mobilizes volunteers for public outreach and data collection related to astronomical events and satellite passes. These grassroots efforts not only democratize access to space science but also generate valuable datasets for researchers and policymakers. As Dr. Ritu Karidhal, ISRO scientist, notes, “Citizen participation amplifies our capacity to monitor and protect the space environment, making space activities safer and more inclusive.”

Startup Incubation and Funding: Catalyzing Indigenous Innovation

India’s policy landscape is increasingly supportive of space-tech entrepreneurship. The Technology Development Fund (TDF) under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) program provide critical funding, mentorship, and incubation support to startups tackling challenges such as green propulsion and satellite sustainability. Manastu Space, for instance, has leveraged these schemes to develop its eco-friendly iBooster propulsion system, demonstrating the impact of targeted support on indigenous innovation.

Community Engagement and Policy Advocacy: Fostering Responsible Space Use

Beyond technical innovation, community-driven awareness campaigns and policy advocacy play a vital role in shaping India’s space future. NGOs such as the Society for Space Education, Research and Development (SSERD) conduct workshops, public lectures, and hackathons to sensitize communities about space sustainability and the environmental impacts of orbital activities. These events often serve as incubators for new ideas, bringing together diverse stakeholders to co-create solutions for pressing challenges like space debris mitigation.

Industry bodies, including the Indian Space Association (ISpA), regularly organize policy roundtables and stakeholder consultations, ensuring that the voices of citizens, startups, and academia are reflected in national space policy. The recent “Space Sustainability Summit 2023” in Bengaluru, for example, featured collaborative sessions on responsible satellite deployment and end-of-life management, highlighting the importance of multi-sectoral engagement.

Expert Perspectives: Indian Voices Shaping Participation

Indian experts emphasize the need for inclusive participation to realize the full potential of the country’s space ambitions. Dr. Tessy Thomas, Director General of Aeronautical Systems at DRDO, asserts, “A collaborative ecosystem—where citizens, academia, industry, and government work in tandem—is essential for sustainable progress in space technology.” Institutions like the Indian Institute of Astrophysics and the National Remote Sensing Centre are increasingly partnering with local communities and startups to co-develop solutions, reinforcing the value of shared expertise.

These diverse participation opportunities underscore a central tenet: India’s space journey is a collective endeavor. By opening doors to education, citizen science, entrepreneurship, and policy engagement, the nation is not only advancing technological frontiers but also fostering a culture of innovation, responsibility, and inclusivity in space exploration.

India’s Efforts in Space Debris Management – https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2022/19_INDIA_Item8_Indias_efforts_in_Space_Debris_Management.pdf
Pioneering a Space Future Free from Debris – https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=10800&lid=6872
Space Debris and Space Situational Awareness Research Studies in ISRO – https://www.iafi.in/system/static/uploads/mediap/Space-Debris-and-Space-Situational-Awareness-Research-Studies-in-ISRO.pdf
Scenario Of Space Debris Management: A Review – https://www.ijstr.org/final-print/feb2020/Scenario-Of-Space-Debris-Management-A-Review.pdf
Legal Implications of Space Debris Mitigation and Removal Strategies – https://www.propulsiontechjournal.com/index.php/journal/article/download/2650/1828/4567